Apparatus for making rapid tests of the hardness of metals



RQGUILLERY.

APPARATUS FOR MAKING RAPID TESTS 0F THE HAHDNESS 0F METALS.

` APPElcATloNTlEED 1uNE1o. 1918. v A 1,367,133, Patented Feb. 1, 1921.

-2 SHEETS-SHEET I.

4 n. GUILLERY.-

APPARATUS FOR MAKING RAPID TESTS 0F THE HARDNESS OF METALS.

APPLICATIONl FILED JUNE l0. 1918.

1,367,133. Patented Feb. 1,1921.

2 SHEETS-SHEET 2.

O o I j lavan/ifa?? UNITED 4STATES" yPATENT OFFICE.

REN GUILLERY, 0E AUBERVILLIERS, FRANCE. APPARATUS FOR MAKING RAPID TESTS OF THE HARDNESS 0F HET-ALB.

liers, France, have invented certain new and useful Improvements in A aratus for Making Rapid Tests of the ardness of Metals, of which the following is a specification.

In making tests of the hardness of metals by the penetration of a spherical ball as -proposed by- Brinell the englneer, the final result is a function of the duration of the action of the imposed load. It is therefore duration of action necessary to take this is desired to have a into consideration if it result. This method of proceeding however entails a great loss of time which may be very inconvenient in cases where it is desired to make a large number of tests within a comparatively short period of time.

he present invention has for its object to provide an improved apparatus which will allow of obtaining, in the case where the time function varies within certain limits,

a corresponding variation of the other function, namely, the load function, which is produced automatically and inversely in such a manner that the impression produced in the metal which is a function of theload and of the time, will be constant irrespectively of the time duration.A

In studying the influence of the time function upon the variations of the load which is necessary to produce an impression simi lar to the standard impression, it has been found that in the case of a ball subjected to a progressive and limited pressure, and then to said pressure limited during a half second, the increase in the load which is necessary to produce `the standard impression is 72. kilograms in the initial case of a ball of 10 millimeters subjected to a pressure of 3000 kgs. during 20 seconds'.

In the improved apparatus forming the subject matter of the present invention, re-

course is had for obtaining this result, to

the use of a hydraulic ed by the action of pressure determining pressure has reached his special valve which is arranged in the path of the circulation of the liquid acting in the hydraulic cylinder, creates or is subjected to the load that is imposed on the test pressure that is limita special adjustable l Speeication of Letters Patent. Application filed .Tune 10, 1918.

valve when the said a desired intensity.,

serial 1re'. 239,239.

piece.` This valve is loaded by means of a spring of adjustable tension acting to allow cf a cataract when the pressure of the liquid 1n the hydraulic cylinder reaches the limit to the test; but accordi greater or smaller speed ofthe establishment of this pressure, the quantity of liquid which is to flow withi mined time, is greater or less,and consequently produces a corresponding lift of the cataract valve. It is merely necessary to arrange the spring and to make the dimenslons of .the valve in such a manner that the increase 1n the elastic force of the spring produces in the hydraulic cylinder an increase in pressure that compensates the loss of time in the test, ifthe speed increases, so that the impression produced upon the test piece shall always be tively of the duration of the action.

he accompanying drawings illustrate 'by way of example a constructioual form of the improved apparatus of the hydraulic type provided with a valve in which the iiow of the liquid, for instance glycerin, gives a constant result with a speed of action varying from once to twice the said speed.

In these drawings:

Figure 1 is a vertical section of a press constructed according to this invention.

Fig. 2 is a part side elevation of the said press, some of the parts being broken away.

ig. 3 is a horizontal section on the line A A of Fig. l.

ig. 4 is a horizontal section showing more particularly the distributing device employed in this form of apparatus.

In the improved apparatus as shown, the ball 1 which is intended to make an impression in the test metal, is carried at the end of a stem 2 which is xed to a piston 3 working with a tight joint in the cylindrical portion of j a dish-shaped chamber 4 in which it works with a minimum of friction..

This joint is constituted by an annular rubber diaphragm 5 fixed to the piston 3 by means of a washer 6 and tightly pressed against the internal circumferential surface 7 of the ed e of the dish-sha ed chamber 4 y means 0% a ring 8. The e asticity of the rubber 5 allows the piston 3 to move relatively to the cover of the dish-shaped chamber. Likewise the arrangement of the diaphragm 5 pressed tightly against the corresponding surfaces of the piston 3 and the Patented Feb. 1, 1921.

n a deterj the same, irrespeccylinder is close cylindrical chamber wall by the surround-,

mpressure prevents all leakage. he dish shaped cover 4 is connected firmly to the flanged solid end 9 of the c linder 10 and incloses a chamber therein the upper part of which is formed concave and in which is inserted centrall a cylinder 11 of small diameter. In the atter there works a piston 12 of correspondin diameter xed to another piston 13 o larger diameter workin in the cylinder 10. This at the top by a cover 14 and communicates through a pipe 15 with one ofthe vertical ducts 16 of a circular valve box 17. The latter is provided at its lower part with a narrow-edged 4seat 18 against which bears a valve 19. This valve beds on its seat which is made as narrow as ossible, and is maintained against its seat y the action of a spring 20 contained in a central sheath 21. The tension of this spring can be adjusted by means of a screw 22 4rotating with slight friction`uponthe top Y of the sheath 21 and adapted to be screwed from the outside into a nut 23 to which one end of the spring 20 isattachedl The valve box 17 and sheath 21 are mount# l ed together as a whole in the middle of a cover 24 that covers a reservoir 25 contain- .ina certain quantit of oil.

through a pipe 35 with the suction outletl of a geared pump 36, the delivery orifice of which communicates with. the chamber of the slide valve 32 and throu h the groove 28 and the pipe 27 with the ox V17 of the valve 19 in theposition shown in Fig. 4. This pump 36 serves to generate the pressure acting upon the piston 3 of the ball 1. It may be driven by hand by means of the hand crank 46, or from an engine by means of a belt passing around one or the other of the stepped pulleys 47, 48 mounted onA the shaft o the pump at the end farthest from the hand crank 46. y

To the underside of the dish-shaped chamber 4 there is pivoted4 a rocking beam 37 (Figs. 2 and 3) one end of which constitutes a catch and coperates with a ring 38 carried by the rod of the distributing valve 32, whlle the other end of this rocking beam 37 is shorter and therefore lighter and bears constantly up lagainst a pin 39 which extends freely through the dish shaped chamber cover 4 and bears in its turn against the underside of the iston 3.

A pressure gage 40 is'connecte to a duct 41 opening into the interior of the chamber 42 wherein the pressure is exerted. This pressure gage allows of ascertaining Whether the pressure corresponds to the speed of the operation which is being performed.

The apparatus is completed by a, strong screw 43 mounted in the base 44' of the apparatus and provided/with a hand wheel 45 by means of which the said screw and with it the plate upon which the test piece is placed can be raised.

The operation is as follows:

The test piece having been placed either directly upon the end of the screw 43 or uponl a plate. carried by said screw, the latter is caused to rise by operating the hand wheel l 45 until the` test piece is in contact with the is operated either by hand or by power,

after having first fully pulled out the handle 33 of the distributing slide valve 32, so as to connect the two grooves 29, 30 in order to establish communication between the oil reservoir 25 and the suction pipe 35 of the 'pump 36, whereupon the latter will communicate through the internal valve chamber 49, the slide valve 32, groove 28, pipe 27 and duct 26, with the clrcular chamber 17 of the valve 19.

The spring 20 of this valve having been previously adjusted to a determined tension chosen according to the duration and pressure of the'test which is to be made, the said valve 19 will remain closed so long as the pressure produced by the pump does not balance the said tension. The oil delivered by the pump then passes through duet 16 and pipe 15 into thel cylinder 10 where it acts upon the large piston 13. The intensity of the pressure which thus acts upon the piston 13 is multiplied to a certain degree by the small piston 12 which moving with the piston 13 as in one piece therewith, acts in its turn upon the glycerin contained in the chamber 42, and consequently upon the tight piston 3.

, The pressure thus generated has the result of causing the ball 1 to make an impression in the test piece, said impression being as regards'its value, a function of the load imposed during a pe'riod of time that is limited in the cavity Aing adjustable manually operated and the slide valve 32 is brought to theposition shown in Fig. 2, thus short circuiting the pump and connecting the cylinder 1() and oil reservoir 25. The slide valve 32 can only be brought into its initial position for making a test when all the oil contained in the cylinder shall have returned into the reservoir 25, and the piston 3 with the ball 1 shall have risen again into their initial position. This result is effected by the action of the rocking beam 37 against which the pin 39 bears when the piston 3 is at the bottom ofits stroke. This rocking beam 37 has thus Icome into the path of the ring 38, so that the slide valve 32 cannot make its full stroke but will assume an intermediate position wherein it establishes communication between the two grooves 28 and 29 (Fig. 3) and consequently short-circuits the pump 36 because its suc tion orifice is in communication with a cavity of constant volume.

en the pressure has completely` fallen 42, the spring 50 will raise the piston 3 and the rocking beam 37 will rock so as to disengage its catch from the mng 38, and allow the slide valve to move to the end of its stroke, that is to say, to move into a position in which it establishes communication between the two grooves 29 and 30, and thus connects the pump 36 with the4 oil reservoir 25 and the pipe admitting the oil into the cylinder 10.

A A fresh test piece can then be placed upon the plate of the screw 43for the purpose of making another test.

The improved apparatus thus comprises a means of regulating the reaction upon the ball, as well as the device for supplying the necessary active pressure, without the oper-v ator having to do work other than that which is useful for operating the pump when the latter is actuated by hand.

What I claimis 1. An apparatus for making a rapid test of the hardness of metals by the Brinell ball method, comprisingthe combination of a hydraulic press; a :force pump for working the hydraulic press; a piston having a stem from which is carried the testing ball; a testing ball with engaging means adapted to be attached tothe sald piston stem, and upon which the pressure exerted is a function of the speed with which the pressure is generated; a pressure determinmg valve adapted to be adjustably regulated, and ar- Y ranged in the path of the circulating liquid used in actuating the hydraulic press; a cira valve seat for containpressure resisting means; a reservoir containin oil employed as the agent for transmitting the hydraulic pressure; a distributing valve establishing communication between the force pump, the oil cular valve box provided with and combined with a receptacle l raising the test reservoir and the lydrau'lic press; and for short circuiting sai pump; -a catch mechanism operating to permit the .oil to be re` a small open ended c linder; a large piston formed inte al wit a small piston and workingfluirtight respectively in the said cylinders; a chamber of large diameter formed inv outer portion of the solid end of main cylinder and communicating with small cylinder; a piston, work-ing fluid tight in cylindrical portion of a chamber to w ich said piston 1s attached a stem, the lower end of which is chambered to receive a testing ball and screwed to receive means for retaining the testing ball in position; a dished cover coverin in the chamber and forming a guide for t e piston stem; a test-A ing ball and engaging means adapted to be attached to the piston stem; a pump for forcing the hydraulic liquid into main cylinder and withdrawing the liquid therefrom when test is completed; a manually operated distributing slide valve; a catch mechanism the slide valve to allow of to the oil reservoir; a circular valve box, forming a cover for the oil reservoir and provided with a valve seat and lvalve spindle guide; an adjustably regulated pressure determining valve, adapted to be held fluid tight, by covered in spring means, against the valve seat until the test pressure is attained; and manually operated means for raising test piece into position for being operated on.

3. An apparatus for making a rapid test of hardness of metals by the Brinell ball method, comprising the combination of a hydraulic press including a main cylinder, a cover therefor,a circular valve box, means for establishing communication between the cylinder and valve box, a chamber of comparatively small capacity, a chamber cover provided with a seating, a spring coacting with the seating, a set pin, a piston in the chamber having a stem surrounded at its upper part by the spring which pushes the piston into position for commenclng operations, while the lower part of the stem is provided with a slot engaging with the set pin to prevent rotation of t e piston and stem, an oil reservoir into which the valve box depends, a pump communicating with the oil reservoir, a distributing valve chest in the pump and communicatlng with the valve box 'and the o il reservoir, a valve spindle having a stop ring fixed thereon, a manually operated slide valve in the chest and attachedl to the valve spindle, a rocking lever, a tappet fixed in the chamber piston to engage with the stop rin for operatin the rocking lever, a sheath xedly mounte on the valve box, a tension spring in the sheath, an adjustable pressure determining valve provided with a `spindle communicating with the lower end of the spring which operates to hold the valve upon its seat, and manually operated means for raisingA the test piece into position for being operated on by the testing ball.

4. An apparatus for making a rapid test of hardness of metals by the Brinell ball method, comprising the combination of a hydraulic press, a main cylinder, annular chambers formed in the bottom of the cylinder and provided with draining ducts, a anged and dished cover inclosing the chamber, 4an exterior chamber, a pressure gage on the cylinder, means for establishing communication between the exterior chamber and the pressure gage, supporting standards, an oil reservoir the solid end of which i is attached to the standards, a distributing valve chest in communication with the solid end of the reservoir and provided with grooves, a distributing slide valve coperating with the grooves to permit the hydraulic fluid to circulate in the apparatus where and when required, a catch mechanism including a pivotally mounted rocking lever mounted on the dished cover, a circular valve box, a sheath thereon, a sprin within the sheath, screw-means operable gr 5. An apparatus for making a rapid test ,t

om the exterior and adapted to en gage within the sheath with the end of theof hardness' of metals by the Brinell ball 50 method comprising the combination of a hydraulic `press having cylinders of diierential diameters and corresponding pistons; an inclosed small chamber of large diameter containin lycerin and communicating with a cy in er of small diameter; an independent piston working in the inclosed small chamber to transmit the ressure obtained in the main cylinder to t e test ball; Aa spherical testing ball; a ump for forcing hydraulic fluid drawn rom an oil reservoir into the main cylinder Aand thence back to the oil reservoir when the test pressure has been attained; an inclosed valve chest, a manually operated slide valve work- ,ing in the inclosed valve chest for regulating the flow of the hydraulic fluid; a spindle for the valve, a circular valve box having two ducts whereby the hydraulic fluid is transmitted by one -of the said ducts from the pump to the valve box and thence by the other duct to the main cylinder, the latter duct also forming a means whereby when the test pressure is attained the hydraulic fluid returns through the valve box and pressure determining valve to the oil reservoir;l a pressure determining valve adjustably regulatedk to enable it to operate in such a manner that the impression produced in the test iece, which is a function of the load and o the time, will be constant irrespective of the time duration, the said valve operating to prevent increase of pressure beyond a predetermined degree; a sheath inclosing a spring regulatable as to tension and connected to the pressure determining valve; catch means including a pivotally mounted lever arranged so that the long arm thereof will engage with or be disengaged from the stop ring on the slide valve spindle, a main base plate for the apparatus, standards thereon for supporting the oil reservoir, and manualltyxo rated screwmleans including a nut in the base ate. p In testimony whereof I have signed my nanie to this specification.

REN GUILLERY. 

